Ghost in the Machine
The phrase, “ghost in the machine,” was coined by 20th century British philosopher, Gilbert Ryle as a means of characterizing 17th century mathematician and philosopher, René Descartes theory of mind. Descartes theory was an offshoot of the age-old dualism theories that dated back to Plato and Aristotle. His theory—referred to as Cartesian Dualism—distilled dualism into today’s mind-body theories, wherein “consciousness and self-awareness” were mind, and brain was “intelligence.” Descartes further went on to propose that the seat of the soul was the pineal gland.
